This panel considers how constitutional symbolism as well as constitutional design can and have been used as tools in nationalist, majoritarian and colonial projects. The panel papers examine a number of vehicles for constitutional inclusion/exclusion: constitutional directives, invocations of the nation in postcolonial constitutions, institutions in settler states, and unamendable provisions reinforcing majoritarian values. The papers span a variety of jurisdictions and invite us to interrogate and challenge key assumptions of modern constitutionalism, not least of which the very nature of constitutions and their expressive functions.