Recent years have seen a rise in the importance of religion in both the private and the public spheres, as well as an increase in demands for full equality by disempowered groups such as women and gays. The combined effect of these two phenomena has been an escalation in the conflict between claims of religious freedom and claims of non-discrimination which courts throughout the world are struggling to resolve. Such tensions have arisen in areas as diverse as access to contraceptives and abortions, gay marriages, the enforcement of religious modesty rules, such as the segregation of the sexes, in public places, and the right to wear religious dress at work or in public. The papers in the panel will discuss the conflicts and convergences between religious freedom and the anti-discrimination principle and the role of courts in resolving these tensions, from comparative and theoretical perspectives.