In spite of the conceptual difference between the words sex (indicating biological differences between men and women) and gender (which refers to social and cultural norms), for long time patriarchal stereotypes based on gender have justified discriminatory treatments against women. This made necessary a massive legal effort for erasing gender discrimination as well as the effects of apparently gender neutral provisions. Against this global effort, full emancipation of women is still hindered in some legal systems including religious law among their sources of law, as in the case of some Muslim countries. In order to provide a comparative analysis considering case-studies differing for geography, legal tradition and approach toward gender issues, the proposed panel, chaired by Prof. Bertil Emrah Oder, is structured in three presentations. Presenters will serve as each-other discussants.